Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 15

Task - Essay Example Notwithstanding, they need to discover that they can't have an ideal arrangement (Honig, 265). They need to maintain attempting in control to prevail in the life of business. The mystery of viability in any field exists in one’s capacity to continue attempting until the individual meets achievement. The bashful can't be a pioneer or a director for contention since the individual in question needs to make major decisions, and without certainty they can't carry out their responsibilities. The organization named as Apple turned into the superficial point of interest of development as of late, and the mystery lied in the way of life of the organization. The late CEO of the association, Steve Jobs presented the compliment authoritative structure for the first in the time of tall associations with the arrangement of order and control. The highlighted corporate pioneer consistently had faith in the intensity of development, and he battled completely so as to build the association that esteemed inventive reasoning. The organization improved at an item level by presenting originality at an authoritative one first. The organization brought second request change, and the principal request followed the system all alone. The advancement at an authoritative level gave the representatives opportunity to think innovatively and the chiefs at the organization remained accessible for their workers with the goal that they can share their contemplations in a free domain (Young and Simon , 168). The organization expressed straightforwardly that it thinks about its HR as the most indispensable resources of all. The organization concentrated on advancement of an inclination to turn out to be better in the representatives, and it took care of the Apple over the long haul, however the chain of advancement broke as of late in light of the fact that the initiative changed, and they attempted to fix the improvement of Jobs that they don't comprehend and fathom. The new administration changed the association, and decimated it to the point of being unrecognizable, and therefore, the turnover rates developed taking all things together

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Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen, is a mainstream eighteenth century novel that shows the perplexing connection among characters and the general public in which they live in. So as to obviously show the crowd the estimation of artistic authenticity, Austen presents two characters that are so outrageous, and â€Å"distorted†, in wording demeanor, self-importance and conclusion, that they assist her with advocating Elizabeth's levelheaded. Elizabeth's mom, Mrs. Bennet, and cousin, Mr. Collins, are maybe the most overdramatic characters in the whole novel. Mrs. Bennet, however some case to be basically a concerned mother, is in truth a silly, and rambunctious lady whose unrivaled expectation is to offer her girls. Austen made her to be repulsive so it would appear just as Elizabeth’s choices would be justification. All through the whole novel Mrs. Bennet lets her shallow side sparkle. A prime case of this is the point at which the incomparable Mr. Collins shows up. From the outset, the whole Bennet family, including Mrs. Bennet concurred that Mr. Collins was a â€Å"disagreeable† man. Notwithstanding, when Mrs. Bennet gets the clue from Collins that he has the expectation of wedding one of her girls, Austen clarifies â€Å"Mrs. Bennet prized up the clue, and believed that she may before long have two little girls wedded; and the man whom she was unable to stand to talk about the day preceding was currently in her great grace† (49). Despite the fact that Mr. Collins was annoying not exactly a day prior, when Mrs. Be nnet acknowledged one of her girls would be hitched and riches would be imparted into their lives, she quickly set aside her past respects. As Mrs. Bennet expressed in the start of the novel, â€Å"The business of her life was to get her little girls married† (6). Despite the fact that, this is run of the mill of moms at... ... show how Elizabeth is against the state of affairs of marriage. In those days, ladies were consequently expected to acknowledge the proposition, since it profited her family. By having Elizabeth dismiss this proposition, Austen can pass on her sentiments of dissatisfaction for the traditional marriage through her. So as to pass on her actual emotions towards marriage, Jane Austen shows them through Elizabeth, the primary character. However so as to really make her emotions understood, Jane Austen additionally makes misshaped and extraordinary minor characters, for example, Mrs. Bennet and Mr. Collins. These two characters impact the novel enormously, in that they are extraordinary to such an extent, that they help support Elizabeth’s choices. On the off chance that it were not for them, Elizabeth would have been viewed as a narrow minded character and Jane Austen disdain for the regular marriage of the time would not have been clear.

Tips for Increasing Your Happiness as an Introvert

Tips for Increasing Your Happiness as an Introvert Happiness Print Tips for Increasing Your Happiness as an Introvert By Derrick Carpenter facebook twitter Derrick Carpenter is a positive psychology coach at Happify, a website and app that uses science-based activities to help people live happier lives. Learn about our editorial policy Derrick Carpenter Updated on December 11, 2019 Mark de Leeuw / Getty Images More in Self-Improvement Happiness Meditation Stress Management Spirituality Holistic Health Inspiration Brain Health Technology Relationships View All Take a moment and imagine the happiest person you know. Got him or her in mind? Now think about how you would describe that person’s personality. Did adjectives like outgoing, energetic, or bubbly come to mind? It’s very likely that one of the personality traits you described is related to extroversion, or the tendency to draw energy from being engaged in the world and social situations. Studies do show that the extroverted among us are also more likely to be happier. So, what are those of us who identify as introverts to make of this? What Does Be an Introvert Mean? First, we should be clear about what being an introvert means. While scientists don’t fully agree on the definition of extroversion, its most typically associated with characteristics such as seeking excitement, gregariousness, enthusiasm, dominance, and ambition. Introversion is the tendency to be more inwardly focused and less motivated for social interaction. Introverts tend to have fewer relationships and spend less time socializing than extroverts. 8 Signs You Might Be an Introvert Introversion and Happiness It is absolutely true that healthy and meaningful relationships play a significant role in our happiness, and that extroverts may spend more time connecting with others or may enjoy that time more. Some research claims that the inherent differences between introverts and extroverts are related to the dopamine system in the brain, which makes pleasurable rewards (including social interaction) more salient to extroverts. This suggests that extroverts may be more likely to experience positive emotions. Despite the recent push against the marginalization of introverts by authors such as Susan Cain, author of Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Cant Stop Talking, our culture often lauds the exuberance of the extrovert and many of us associate “outgoing” with “well-being.” While introverts are generally likely to report lower levels of happiness than extroverts, this does not mean that introverts are unhappy. Ultimately, it’s important to note the happiness benefits of both introverted and extroverted behavior, no matter where you fall on the spectrum. One consistent theme in happiness research is that your choices and behaviors (which are in your control and changeable) have significant effects on your wellbeing, even if your natural tendency is to pull the opposite direction. How Introverts Can Increase Their Happiness Here are a few tips for those of us with introverted tendencies to enhance our happiness. See Your Whole Self It’s important to note that the scale on which introversion and extroversion are measured is just that: a scale. We all fall somewhere along the bell-curve between these two extremes. That means that people who are strong introverts or strong extroverts are rare. A large portion of the population hovers closer to the middle, meaning that there are times when they prefer socializing and the energy of a crowd, but other times, quiet and solitude is the right fit. These folks are more accurately labeled as ambiverts. Within each of us lies some tendency to recharge our batteries through social interaction and affiliation with others and another tendency to recharge on our own. Be honest with yourself about what you need in a given moment and allow yourself permission to have it. When calling a friend to hang out feels right, make a lunch date. And when you’d rather curl up with a good book, go for it. Understanding how your own tendencies to reach out or withdraw affect you is an important aspect of managing your own wellbeing. Embrace Your Introvert Strengths Introverted behavior has an upside that often gets understated. Introverts tend to be better problem solvers, perform better academically, exhibit stronger regulation of their behavior, and are less likely to take risks that may cause them harm. Research shows that introverts may experience these benefits as a result of having the more gray matter in their prefrontal cortex, the area at the front of the brain that controls complex and abstract thinking, emotion regulation, and decision making. In many classical and theological perspectives on happiness from Aristotle to the Buddha, spending time alone and contemplating the meaning and purpose of our lives is a necessity. Learn to embrace your unique introvert qualities and tap into the happiness they bring you, whether that’s teaching yourself something new, exploring nature on a solo trek, or cultivating your creative side. Act the Part In studies where  introverts were instructed to act like extroverts in a group of people, they ended up experiencing greater positive emotion than introverts acting normally (in fact, they rated their positive emotion higher than the naturally extroverted  people, too) and reported feeling more authentic at the moment. Other research shows that naturally happy introverts behave in similar ways to naturally happy extroverts. Particularly when you are already going to be socializing, act the part of an extrovert. This doesn’t mean you should be inauthentic. Just bring more of your real  self. Be an extroverted introvert. Harness that rich inner world of yours and jump into the conversation more, share your opinion, crack a joke, and take the spotlight every once in a while. And if you’re not socializing much, encourage yourself to connect with others in the ways that work well for you. Join a group to take part in an activity you already love, like a choir, book club, or fitness class. Even though initiating these decisions may feel like an extra effort, the payoff should be noticeable. When you realize you acted more extroverted in a way that felt good, keep it up. Although shyness and introversion have only a mild correlation, if being more socially engaged scares you, your shyness may be what’s holding you back. The key here is confidence. Build self-efficacy (or the proof to yourself that you can succeed at a task) by taking small social risks first. Reach out to a friend you haven’t connected with lately. Call rather than text. Make eye contact with a salesperson. And take note of your successes, even when they feel awkward. You’ll build your confidence as you see yourself being more sociable, and becoming the best version of yourself will become easier.

An Introduction to the Cold War in Europe

The Cold War was a twentieth-century conflict between the United States of America (U.S.), the Soviet Union (USSR), and their respective allies over political, economic, and military issues, often described as a struggle between capitalism and communism—but the issues were actually far grayer than that. In Europe, this meant the U.S.-led West and NATO on one side and Soviet-led East and the Warsaw Pact on the other. The Cold War lasted from 1945 to the collapse of the USSR in 1991. Why Cold War? The war was cold because there was never a direct military engagement between the two leaders, the U.S. and the USSR, although shots were exchanged in the air during the Korean War. There were plenty of proxy wars around the world as states supported by either side fought, but in terms of the two leaders, and in terms of Europe, the two never fought a regular war. Origins of the Cold War in Europe The aftermath of World War II left the United States and Russia as the dominant military powers in the world, but they had very different forms of government and economy—the former a capitalist democracy, the latter a communist dictatorship. The two nations were rivals that feared each other, each ideologically opposed. The war also left Russia in control of large areas of Eastern Europe, and the U.S.-led Allies in control of the West. While the Allies restored democracy in their regions, Russia began making Soviet satellites out of its liberated lands; the split between the two was dubbed the Iron Curtain. In reality, there had been no liberation, just a new conquest by the USSR. The West feared a communist invasion, physical and ideological, that would turn them into communist states with a Stalin-style leader—the worst possible option—and for many, it caused fear over the likelihood of mainstream socialism, too. The U.S. countered with the Truman Doctrine, with its policy of containment to stop communism spreading—it also turned the world into a giant map of allies and enemies, with the U.S. pledging to prevent the communists from extending their power, a process that led to the West supporting some terrible regimes. The U.S. also offered the Marshall Plan, massive aid package aimed at supporting collapsing economies that were letting communist sympathizers gain power. Military alliances were formed as the West grouped together as NATO, and the East banded together as the Warsaw Pact. By 1951, Europe was divided into two power blocs, American-led and Soviet-led, each with atomic weapons. A cold war followed, spreading globally and leadi ng to a nuclear standoff. The Berlin Blockade The first time the former allies acted as certain enemies was the Berlin Blockade. Postwar Germany was divided into four parts and occupied by the former Allies; Berlin, situated in the Soviet zone, was also divided. In June 1948, Stalin enforced a blockade of Berlin aimed at bluffing the Allies into renegotiating the division of Germany in his favor rather than invading. Supplies could not get through to a city, which relied on them, and the winter was a serious problem. The Allies responded with neither of the options Stalin thought he was giving them, but started the Berlin Airlift: for 11 months, supplies were flown into Berlin via Allied aircraft, bluffing that Stalin wouldn’t shoot them down and cause a hot war. He didn’t. The blockade was ended in May 1949 when Stalin gave up. Budapest Rising Stalin died in 1953, and hopes of a thaw were raised when new leader Nikita Khrushchev began a process of de-Stalinization. In May 1955, as well as forming the Warsaw Pact, Khrushchev signed an agreement with the Allies to leave Austria and make it neutral. The thaw only lasted until the Budapest Rising in 1956: the communist government of Hungary, faced with internal calls for reform, collapsed and an uprising forced troops to leave Budapest. The Russian response was to have the Red Army occupy the city and put a new government in charge. The West was highly critical but, partly distracted by the Suez Crisis, did nothing to help except get frostier toward the Soviets. The Berlin Crisis and the U-2 Incident Fearing a reborn West Germany allied with  the U.S., Khrushchev offered concessions in return for a united, neutral Germany in 1958. A Paris summit for talks was derailed when Russia shot down a U.S. U-2 spy plane flying over its territory. Khrushchev pulled out of the summit and disarmament talks. The incident was a useful out for Khrushchev, who was under pressure from hardliners within Russia for giving away too much. Under pressure from the East German leader to stop refugees fleeing to the West, and with no progress on making Germany neutral, the Berlin Wall was built, a concrete barrier between East and West Berlin. It became the physical representation of the Cold War. Cold War in Europe in the 60s and 70s Despite the tensions and fear of nuclear war, the Cold War division between East and West proved surprisingly stable after 1961, despite French anti-Americanism and Russia crushing the Prague Spring. There was instead conflict on the global stage, with the Cuban Missile Crisis and Vietnam. For much of the  60s and 70s, a program of dà ©tente was followed: a long series of talks that made some success in stabilizing the war and equalizing arms numbers. Germany negotiated with the East under a policy of Ostpolitik. The fear of mutually assured destruction helped prevent direct conflict—the belief that if you launched your missiles, you would be destroyed by your enemies, and therefore it was better not to fire at all than to destroy everything. The 80s and the New Cold War By the 1980s, Russia appeared to be winning, with a more productive economy, better missiles, and a growing navy, even though the system was corrupt and built on propaganda. America, once again fearing Russian domination, moved to rearm and build up forces, including placing many new missiles in Europe (not without local opposition). U.S. President Ronald Reagan increased defense spending vastly, starting the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) to defend against nuclear attacks, an end to Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD). At the same time, Russian forces entered Afghanistan, a war they would ultimately lose. End of the Cold War in Europe Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev died in 1982, and his successor Yuri Andropov, realizing change was needed in a crumbling Russia and its strained satellites, which he felt was losing a renewed arms race, promoted several reformers. One, Mikhail Gorbachev, rose to power in 1985 with policies of Glasnost and Perestroika and decided to end the cold war and give away the satellite empire to save Russia itself. After agreeing with the U.S. to reduce nuclear weapons, in 1988 Gorbachev addressed the U.N., explaining the end of the Cold War by renouncing the Brezhnev Doctrine, allowing political choice in the previously dictated-to satellite states of Eastern Europe, and pulling Russia out of the arms race. The speed of Gorbachev’s actions unsettled the West, and there were fears of violence, especially in East Germany where the leaders talked of their own Tiananmen Square-type uprising. However, Poland negotiated free elections, Hungary opened its borders, and East German leader Erich Honecker resigned when it became apparent the Soviets would not support him. The East German leadership withered away and the Berlin Wall fell ten days later. Romania overthrew its dictator and the Soviet satellites emerged from behind the Iron Curtain. The Soviet Union itself was the next to fall. In 1991, communist hardliners attempted a coup against Gorbachev; they were defeated, and Boris Yeltsin became leader. He dissolved the USSR, instead creating the Russian Federation. The communist era, begun in 1917, was now over, and so was the Cold War. Conclusion Some books, although stressing the nuclear confrontation that came perilously close to destroying vast areas of the world, point out that this nuclear threat was most closely triggered in areas outside Europe, and that the continent, in fact, enjoyed 50 years of peace and stability, which were sorely lacking in the first half of the twentieth century. This view is probably best balanced by the fact that much of Eastern Europe was, in effect, subjugated for the whole period by Soviet Russia. The D-Day  landings, while often overstated in their importance to the downhill of Nazi Germany, were in many ways the key battle of the Cold War in Europe, enabling Allied forces to liberate much of Western Europe before Soviet forces got there instead. The conflict has often been described as a substitute for a final post–Second World War peace settlement that never came, and the Cold War deeply permeated life in the East and West, affecting culture and society as well as politics and the military. The Cold War has also often been described as a contest between democracy and communism while, in reality, the situation was more complicated, with the democratic side, led by the U.S., supporting some distinctly nondemocratic, brutally authoritarian regimes in order to keep countries from coming under the Soviet sphere of influence. Sources and Further Reading Applebaum, Anne. Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe, 1944–1956. New York: Anchor Books, 2012.Fursenko, Aleksandr, and Timothy Naftali. Khrushchevs Cold War: The Inside Story of an American Adversary. New York: W. W. Norton, 2006.Gaddis, John Lewis. We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.Isaacson, Walter, and Evan Thomas. the Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made. New York: Simon Schuster, 1986.

Strategic Assessment Of Risk Assessment Methodologies

Mostly all security methodologies call for some kind of objective assessment of risks. This is simply so because, security controls selections are centered on the known risks there are to an organization s assets and operations. There is also an alternative, which would consist of randomly selecting security controls without using any type of methodical threat or control analysis. If the alternative method is used to implement the security controls, there will be issues such as: having security controls implemented in the wrong places, and the organization will be left vulnerable to unanticipated threats and resources will be wasted. Risk assessment methodologies establishes rules for what is to be assessed and establishes who will need to be involved. Risk assessment methodologies also establishes the terminology that will be used when discussing the risk, establishes the degree of risk when quantifying, qualifying, and comparing risk, and they also help to establish what documentation must be collected as a result of the assessments. The two most popular risk assessment methodologies that are used today are: OCTAVE (Operationally Critical Threat, Asset, and Vulnerability Evaluation) which was developed at Carnegie Mellon University, and the NIST risk assessment methodology that is documented in NIST Special Publication 800-30. The OCTAVE methodology is a method that is used when assessing an organization s information security needs. The most recently developed andShow MoreRelatedProtecting The Nation s Security Essay1203 Words   |  5 PagesSecurity is about effectively managing risks to the Nation’s security (DHS, 2010). 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The homeland security uses risk assessments on all areas, which this paper will be focusing on, to determine how to maintain the condition of an asset as wellRead MoreA Computational Asset Vulnerability Model For The Strategic Protection Of The Critical Infrastructure1485 Words   |  6 PagesVulnerability Model for the Strategic Protection of the Critical Infrastructure† Article Summary of the Article A brief background of this article shows that it presents the doctoral works of Richard White on security under the supervision of Terrance Boult and Edward Chow. The article was published online by the â€Å"International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection.† In this paper, Richard White present a new computational model that can be of help in organizing for strategic protection of the key

Criminology and Terrorism Free Essays

J. Paul BatraProfessor Barnes Research Paper Final due 4/19/10 April 1, 2010 Terrorism Introduction Terrorism is defined loosely based on the Latin word Terre, which means to frighten. To be considered an act of terrorism, which is a political crime, an act must carry with it the intent to disrupt and the change the government and should not be merely a common-law crime committed for greed or egotism. We will write a custom essay sample on Criminology and Terrorism or any similar topic only for you Order Now The discipline of economics has many concepts that are relevant to an understanding of terrorism — supply and demand — costs and benefits, etc. Fully-developed economic or econometric models of terrorism are quite rare, however, and often involve such things as â€Å"psychic† costs and benefits (Nyatepe-Coo 2004). More down-to-earth economic theories can be found in the literature on deterrence. Rational choice theory, in particular, has found a place in criminology, and holds that people will engage in crime after weighing the costs and benefits of their actions to arrive at a rational choice about motivation after perceiving that the chances of gain outweigh any possible punishment or loss. The second theory that can explain the motivation behind terrorism is the relative deprivation hypothesis which is the idea that as a person goes about choosing their values and interests, they compare what they have and don’t have, as well as what they want or don’t want, with real or imaginary others. The person then usually perceives a discrepancy between what is possible for them and what is possible for others, and reacts to it with anger or an inflamed sense of injustice. We should be advised that debates exist within criminology regarding relative deprivation and terrorism, on the one hand, with the anomie or strain tradition which finds causal influence in such objectivist factors as Gross Domestic Product, and on the other hand, with the left realist tradition which finds causal influence in subjective experiences of deprivation or discomfort Crime Characteristics of Terrorism: Terrorism is not new, and even though it has been used since the beginning of recorded history it can be relatively hard to define. Terrorism has been described variously as both a tactic and strategy; a crime and a holy duty; a justified reaction to oppression and an inexcusable abomination. Obviously, a lot depends on whose point of view is being represented. Terrorism has often been an effective tactic for the weaker side in a conflict. As an asymmetric form of conflict, it confers coercive power with many of the advantages of military force at a fraction of the cost. Due to the secretive nature and small size of terrorist organizations, they often offer opponents no clear organization to defend against or to deter. The United States Department of Defense defines terrorism as â€Å"the calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological. † Within this definition, there are three key elements—violence, fear, and intimidation—and each element produce terror in its victims. The FBI uses this: â€Å"Terrorism is the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. † The U. S. Department of State defines â€Å"terrorism† to be â€Å"premeditated politically-motivated violence perpetrated against non-combatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience. (International Terrorism and Security Research). Technological terrorism is defined as actions directed against infrastructure elements critically important for national security or committed with the use of especially hazardous technologies, technical means, and materials. In considering technological terrorism scenarios, the primary impact factors of such terrorist acts initiate secondary catastrophic processes with a significantly higher (tens and hundreds of times) level of secondary impact factors that affect the targets of the ttack, their personnel, the public, and the environment. (Nikolai A. Makhutov, Vitaly P. Petrov, and Dmitry O. Reznikov, Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Machine Sciences )Although what we don’t know about the psychology of terrorism is more than what we do know, there have been several promising attempts to merge or combine psychology with sociology (and criminal justice) into what might be called terrorist profiling (Russell and Miller 1977; Bell 1982; Galvin 1983; Strentz 1988; Hudson 1999). This line of inquiry actually has a long history, and includes what rare studies exist of female terrorists. The earliest study (Russell and Miller 1977) found that the following people tend to join terrorist organizations: †¢ 22-25 years of age †¢ 80% male, with women in support roles †¢ 75-80% single †¢ 66% middle or upper class background †¢ 66% some college or graduate work †¢ 42% previous participation in working class advocacy groups †¢ 17% unemployed †¢ 18% strong religious beliefs IBLIOGRAPHY NOTE: Characteristics of Technological Terrorism Scenarios and Impact Factors* http://www. nap. edu/openbook. php? record_id=12490=53 The Economics theory of Rational Choice Theory as a theory of terrorism contends that these criminals usually come to believe their actions will be beneficial — to themselves, their community, or society — AND they must come to see that crime pays, or is at least a risk-free way to better their situatio n. Perhaps the most well-known version of this idea in criminology is routine activities theory (Cohen and Felson 1979), which postulates that three conditions must be present in order for a crime to occur: (1) suitable targets or victims who put themselves at risk; (2) the absence of capable guardians or police presence; and (3) motivated offenders or a pool of the unemployed and alienated. Other rational choice theories exist which delve further into models of decision making. In the few models of collective iolence that have found their way into criminology, the Olson hypothesis (source unknown) suggests that participants in revolutionary violence predicate their behavior on a rational cost-benefit calculus to pursue the best course of action given the social circumstances. Bibligraphy note: (THEORIES AND CAUSES OF TERRORISM) http://www. apsu. edu/oconnort/3400/3400lect02. htm) .   As far as we know, most terrorists feel that they are doing nothing wrong when they kill and injure p eople. They seem to share a feature of the psychological condition known as antisocial personality disorder or psychopathic personality disorder, which is reflected by an absence of empathy for the suffering of others. However, they do not appear unstable or mentally ill for this. A common feature is a type of thinking such as â€Å"I am good and right. You are bad and wrong. †Ã‚   It is a very polarized thinking which allows them to distance themselves from opponents and makes it easier for them to kill people. It is not the same kind of simplistic thinking one would expect from someone with low intelligence or moral development. Most terrorists are of above average intelligence and have sophisticated ethical and moral development. A closed-minded certainty is a common feature of terrorist thinking. (Merari 1990). Relative Deprivation occurs where individuals or groups subjectively perceive themselves as unfairly disadvantaged over others perceived as having similar attributes and deserving similar rewards (their reference groups). It is in contrast with absolute deprivation, where biological health is impaired or where relative levels of wealth are compared based on objective differences – although it is often confused with the latter. Subjective experiences of deprivation are essential and, indeed, relative deprivation is more likely when the differences between two groups narrows so that comparisons can be easily made than where there are caste-like differences. The discontent arising from relative deprivation has been used to explain radical politics (whether of the left or the right), messianic religions, the rise of social movements, industrial disputes and the whole plethora of crime and deviance. The usual distinction made is that religious fervour or demand for political change are a collective response to relative deprivation whereas crime is an individualistic response. But this is certainly not true of many crimes – for example, smuggling, poaching or terrorism – which have a collective nature and a communal base and does not even allow for gang delinquency which is clearly a collective response. The connection is, therefore, largely under-theorized – a reflection of the separate development of the concept within the seemingly discrete disciplines of sociology of religion, political sociology and criminology. The use of relative deprivation in criminology is often conflated with Merton’s anomie theory of crime and deviance and its development by Cloward and Ohlin, and there are discernible, although largely unexplored, parallels. Anomie theory involves a disparity between culturally induced aspirations (eg success in terms of the American Dream) and the opportunities to realise them. The parallel is clear: this is a subjective process wherein discontent is transmuted into crime. Furthermore, Merton in his classic 1938 article, ‘Social Structure and Anomie’, clearly understands the relative nature of discontent explicitly criticising theories which link absolute deprivation to crime by pointing to poor countries with low crime rates in contrast to the wealthy United States with a comparatively high rate. But there are clear differences, in particular Mertonian anomie involves an inability to realise culturally induced notions of success. It does not involve comparisons between groups but individuals measuring themselves against a general goal. The fact that Merton, the major theorist of reference groups, did not fuse this with his theory of anomie is, as Runciman notes, very strange but probably reflects the particular American concern with ‘winners’ and ‘losers’ and the individualism of that culture. The empirical implications of this difference in emphasis are, however, significant: anomie theory would naturally predict the vast majority of crime to occur at the bottom of society amongst the ‘losers’ but relative deprivation theory does not necessarily have this overwhelming class focus. For discontent can be felt anywhere in the class structure where people perceive their rewards as unfair compared to those with similar attributes. Thus crime would be more widespread although it would be conceded that discontent would be greatest amongst the socially excluded. The future integration of anomie and relative deprivation theory offers great promise in that relative deprivation offers a much more widespread notion of discontent and its emphasis on subjectivity insures against the tendency within anomie theory of merely measuring objective differences in equality (so called ‘strain’ theory) whereas anomie theory, on its part, offers a wider structural perspective in terms of the crucial role of differential opportunity structures and firmly locates the dynamic of deprivation within capitalist society as a whole. To be completed: Application: Conclusion: Bibliography How to cite Criminology and Terrorism, Papers

Year round school Essay Example For Students

Year round school Essay Year-round SchoolsThe possibility of year round schools has been a hot debate topic for quite some time. The question is, is the idea of year round schools acceptable considering all the potential drawbacks? Year round schooling can be disruptive to both the family of the students and the teachers themselves, it can be too costly for a large group of people, and year round schools do not provide the same opportunity for learning as the traditional school year does. For several reasons, the traditional school year, which runs for ten months instead of eleven, is more beneficial in comparison to year round schooling. Primarily, year round schools will disrupt both the families and teachers while the traditional school year does not. This is because; year round schools will eliminate most of the highly anticipated summer vacation making it much shorter than usual. Long summer breaks are a cherished culture for some families, as it is a perfect occasion for relations to spend time togeth er since both the parents and students have a sufficient amount of time off. During the mid-year breaks i.e. March Break, many parents do not have the time because they are still at work. However, if summer vacation is shortened, parents can no longer use all their free time to spend with their kids because the children are in school learning. There will not be enough time to travel and complete all the planned activities. That is why; the new school calendars quickly became unpopular with parents in America. Dede Schaffner, a spokesperson for the Seminole County district, says, The disruption of family life was what everyone was complaining about, people said it was conceivable that with kids at school during the summer, you could never have your whole family together. (Year-round Schooling Rejected1996/24 February, 2005) In addition to less family time, year round schooling also provides other concerns for parents. Guardians will have to worry about finding childcare during the lo nger mid-year breaks that are created because of a shorter summer break. Another perceived disadvantage of year round education is that teachers may have a more difficult time scheduling their professional development. Many teachers take graduate classes during the summer vacation period to catch up with new curriculums and advances in technology. Teachers will find attending professional conferences, staff development activities, and college courses more difficult. A teacher who was part of a year round system recounts, I found myself going through 3 school years without that opportunity for self-assessment and planning for the future of the educational program. (The Effect of Year Round Schools 1999/22 February 2005). With a much shorter summer break, teachers will not have enough time to increase their education, which can benefit the learning of their students. For these reasons, year round schools are not as beneficial as the traditional school year. We will write a custom essay on Year round school specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Furthermore, switching over to year round schooling can prove to be more costly than the normal school year. First off, the budget for a year round program, when compared to a traditional program, is much larger. There are more materials, such as school supplies, to be bought, a larger cost for air conditioning, and the increased expenses when a facility is used year round. One of the main concerns is that the life of a school becomes considerably shorter. Usually, in the summer time schools are under repair and made ready for the next year. However, with a shorter summer break, there is not enough time to renovate schools. This will lead to the need of newer facilities more often. Moreover, the largest expense is in hiring new teachers. Not many educators sign up for the year round schooling program and those who do, expect larger salaries than regular teachers do. The biggest budget increase in a year-long program is most often due to new staffing. (Year-round Success? 1997/ 18 Feb ruary 2005). Finally, family expenses will also fluctuate. An extended school year means a larger amount of lunch money, more shopping for new supplies and clothes, and other expenses, which include field trips and other school programs. If the school boards switch to the new system, many parents as well as the school board may not be able to afford the new expenses. Thus, staying with the traditional school year is a far better option because it is more advantageous than a year round school. Finally yet importantly, year round schooling does not provide as much of an opportunity for learning as the regular school calendar. During the summer break, students can get opportunities to gain experience through summer jobs. This experience can be considered equivalent to learning in school because it provides the students to face the real world and understand what it is like. If year round schooling is implemented, then summer will be cut short and as a result, students will not have enou gh time to familiarize themselves with the workplace. Joan Watkins, an employer, affirms, It is unlikely that a student will get a job for just 15 or 20 days. This period is just too short to interest an employer in hiring a student. (The Effect of Year Round Schooling 1999/24 February, 2005) Moreover, going to camp during the summer is also a tradition for some kids. This tradition could fall apart with the initiation of the new school calendar. Campers will no longer be able to enjoy the outdoors and learn about themselves as they normally would, if they had a summer break of an adequate length. A summer camp professional states, The biggest plus of camp is that camps help young people discover and explore their talents, interests, and values. Most schools do not satisfy all these needs. Kids who have had these kinds of (camp) experiences end up being healthier and have fewer problems. (Summer Camps Professionals Speak Out 2003/ 22 February 2005). In addition, if there is a longer summer break where the student spends more time with his/her family they will learn additional things like family values, which cannot be taught, to them in school. Furthermore, if they travel during the break, they will be able to familiarize themselves with various cultures, which can eventually lead them to become individuals that are more accepting of others. Consequently, the traditional school year is by far more favorable than the year round school year. .u2b4800c418dbe87b063516f8ca77ee04 , .u2b4800c418dbe87b063516f8ca77ee04 .postImageUrl , .u2b4800c418dbe87b063516f8ca77ee04 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2b4800c418dbe87b063516f8ca77ee04 , .u2b4800c418dbe87b063516f8ca77ee04:hover , .u2b4800c418dbe87b063516f8ca77ee04:visited , .u2b4800c418dbe87b063516f8ca77ee04:active { border:0!important; } .u2b4800c418dbe87b063516f8ca77ee04 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2b4800c418dbe87b063516f8ca77ee04 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2b4800c418dbe87b063516f8ca77ee04:active , .u2b4800c418dbe87b063516f8ca77ee04:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2b4800c418dbe87b063516f8ca77ee04 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2b4800c418dbe87b063516f8ca77ee04 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2b4800c418dbe87b063516f8ca77ee04 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2b4800c418dbe87b063516f8ca77ee04 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2b4800c418dbe87b063516f8ca77ee04:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2b4800c418dbe87b063516f8ca77ee04 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2b4800c418dbe87b063516f8ca77ee04 .u2b4800c418dbe87b063516f8ca77ee04-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2b4800c418dbe87b063516f8ca77ee04:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Diary of Anne Frank EssayIn closing, the traditional school calendar is more favorable then the year round school calendar because of its many benefits. It is not disruptive to the family and teaching staff like the year round schooling is, it is much more cost efficient and it provides a better opportunity for learning than the new school calendar. York Region should take this opportunity and not follow Americas example in switching school calendars and show how our identity is our own and is not something that is formed by us following what others do. We, as a nation, are capable of making our own choices that will benefit us. In this case, making the choice of keepi ng the traditional school calendar is definitely the best choice for our country and its future generation!Bibliography:1. The Effect of Year Round Schools. 1999. MasterFILE Premier. (22 February, 2005)2. Summer Camp Professionals Speak Out. 2003. FAMALIES Magazines. (22 February, 2005)3. Year-round Schooling Rejected. 1996. MasterFILE Premier. (24 February, 2005)4. Year-round Success? 1999. MasterFILE Premier. (18 February, 2005)